1. What is the leading theory of planet formation where dust and gas clump together to form larger bodies over millions of years?

2. Which is the smallest planet in our solar system?

3. Which dwarf planet is located in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter?

4. What is the largest moon of Neptune, known for its retrograde orbit?

5. Which law states that the orbit of a planet around the Sun is an ellipse with the Sun at one of the two foci?

6. Which two planets are classified as "ice giants"?

7. Which planet has the strongest, fastest winds in the solar system?

8. In planetary science, substances with low boiling points that easily vaporize (like water, ammonia, and methane) are known as:

9. Which famous NASA/ESA spacecraft spent 13 years orbiting and studying Saturn and its moons before plunging into the planet's atmosphere in 2017?

10. What does a "blue shift" in the light spectrum of an astronomical object indicate?

11. Which is the only spacecraft to have flown past all four giant planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune)?

12. At the end of its life cycle, a low-mass star like our Sun will eventually become a:

13. Which currently operating spacecraft was sent to study Jupiter and is notable for its three huge solar array blades?

14. The ALMA observatory, used to study planet formation in distant star systems, is an array of radio telescopes located in which country?

15. What primarily defines a "terrestrial planet" compared to a gas giant?

16. Which physical property describes a mineral's resistance to being scratched?

17. What is the softest mineral on the Mohs Hardness Scale, rated as a 1?

18. Which type of rock is formed from the cooling and solidification of magma or lava?

19. What term describes the tendency of a mineral to break along regular, flat surfaces?

20. Which of the following is a classic example of a foliated metamorphic rock (having banded layers)?

21. What sedimentary rock is primarily composed of the mineral calcite and often contains fossilized shells?

22. Obsidian is an extrusive igneous rock that cools so rapidly it lacks a crystalline structure. What type of texture does it have?

23. Which common mineral is famously known as "fool's gold" due to its brassy yellow metallic luster?

24. What metamorphic rock is formed directly from the intense heat and pressure applied to limestone?

25. The "streak" of a mineral is best defined as the color of the mineral in what form?

26. Which igneous rock is highly vesicular (full of gas bubbles), very low in density, and can often float on water?

27. Halite is an evaporite mineral that forms from the drying up of salty bodies of water. What is its common name?

28. Which of the following is an example of a fine-grained, EXTRUSIVE igneous rock that makes up much of the oceanic crust?

29. What is the hardest naturally occurring mineral on the Mohs scale, scoring a 10?

30. What is the geological process called where loose sediments are compacted and cemented together to form solid sedimentary rock?